A LOT OF THIS IS GOING ON HERE IN HACHITA NM, I HAVE NAMES....B
From http://www.artificialtelepathy.blogspot.com
The following article excerpts combine material from several sources, listed under
Footnotes. The majority of information appeared in David Guyatt's synopsis
of the history and development of mind control weapons, first presented at
an ICRC symposium on "The Medical Profession and the Effects of Weapons"
Project CHATTER
Following the conclusion of the war (WWII), the U.S. Naval Technical Mission was
tasked with obtaining pertinent industrial and scientific material that had
been produced by the Third Reich and which may be of benefit to U.S.
interests. Following a lengthy report, the Navy instigated Project CHATTER
in 1947.
Project Moonstruck, 1952, CIA:
Electronic implants in brain and teeth
Targeting: Long range Implanted during surgery or surreptitiously during
abduction. Frequency range: HF - ELF transceiver implants
Purpose: Tracking, mind and behavior control, conditioning, programming,
covert operations
Functional Basis: Electronic Stimulation of the Brain, E.S.B.
Project Orion, 1958, U.S.A.F:
Drugs, hypnosis, and ESB
Targeting: Short range, in person
Frequencies: ELF Modulation
Transmission, and Reception: Radar, microwaves, modulated at ELF frequencies
Purpose: Top security personnel debreifing, programming, insure security and loyalty
Pseudonym: "Dreamland"
MK-DELTA, 1960, CIA:
Fine-tuned electromagnetic subliminal programming
Targeting: Long Range
Frequencies: VHF HF UHF Modulated at ELF
Transmission and Reception: Television antennae, radio antennae, power
lines, mattress spring coils, modulation on 60 Hz wiring***.
Purpose: programming behavior and attitudes in general population
Effects: fatigue, mood swings, behavior dysfunction and social criminality,
mood swings
Pseudonym: "Deep Sleep", R.H.I.C.
MKULTRA
It was not until the middle or late 1970's that the American public became
aware of a series of hitherto secret programs that had been conducted over
the preceding two decades by the military and intelligence community. (3)
Primarily focusing on narco-hypnosis, these extensive covert programs bore
the project titles MKULTRA, MKDELTA, MKNAOMI, MKSEARCH (MK being understood
to stand for Mind Kontrol), BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE and CHATTER.
The principal aim of these and associated programs was the development of a
reliable "programmable" assassin. Secondary aims were the development of a
method of citizen control. (4)
Dr. Jose Delgado, Yale University
Particularly relevant was Dr. Jose Delgado's secret work directed towards
the creation of a "psycho-civilized" society by use of a "stimoceiver." (5)
Delgado's work was seminal, and his experiments on humans and animals
demonstrated that electronic stimulation can excite extreme emotions
including rage, lust and fatigue. In his paper "Intracerebral Radio
Stimulation and recording in Completely Free Patients," Delgado observed
that: "Radio Stimulation on different points in the amygdala and hippocampus
in the four patients produced a variety of effects, including pleasant
sensations, elation, deep thoughtful concentration, odd feelings, super
relaxation (an essential precursor for deep hypnosis), colored visions, and
other responses."With regard to the "colored visions" citation, it is
reasonable to conclude he was referring to hallucinations -- an effect that
a number of so-called "victims" allude to. (7) .
Dr. John C. Lilly
Also of interest is Dr. John C. Lilly (10), who was asked by the Director of
the National Institute of Mental Health to brief the CIA, FBI, NSA and
military intelligence services on his work using electrodes to stimulate,
directly, the pleasure and pain centers of the brain. Lilly said that he
refused the request. However, as stated in his book, he continued to do
"useful" work for the national security apparatus. In terms of timing this
is interesting, for these events took place in 1953.
First use of computers to communicate with the brain
As far back as 1969, Delgado predicted the day would soon arrive when a
computer would be able to establish two-way radio communication with the
brain -- an event that first occurred in 1974.
Lawrence Pinneo, a neurophysiologist and electronic engineer working for
Stanford Research Institute (a leading military contractor), "developed a
computer system capable of reading a person's mind. It correlated brain
waves on an electroencephalograph with specific commands. Twenty years ago
the computer responded with a dot on a TV screen. Nowadays it could be the
input to a stimulator (ESB) in advanced stages using radio frequencies." (8=
)
Drs. Sharp and Frey develop "Microwave Hearing"
Drs. Joseph Sharp and Allen Frey experimented with microwaves seeking to
transmit spoken words directly into the audio cortex via a pulsed-microwave
analog of the speaker's sound vibration. Indeed, Frey's work in this field,
dating back to 1960, gave rise to the so called "Frey effect" which is now
more commonly referred to as "microwave hearing." (19) Within the Pentagon
this ability is now known as "Artificial Telepathy." (20)
[Footnote 20) Refer to Dr. Robert Becker who has stated "Such a device has
obvious applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy
with "voices" or deliver undetected instructions to a programmed assassin."
Dr. Ross Adey experiments with EM control of emotional states
In his pioneering work, Dr. Ross Adey determined that emotional states and
behavior can be remotely influenced merely by placing a subject in an
electromagnetic field. By directing a carrier frequency to stimulate the
brain and using amplitude modulation to shape the wave to mimic a desired
EEG frequency, he was able to impose a 4.5 CPS theta rhythm on his subjects.
Adey and others have compiled an entire library of frequencies and pulsation
rates which can affect the mind and nervous system. (21)
Adey induces calcium efflux in brain tissue with low power level fields (a
basis for the CIA and military's "confusion weaponry") and has done
behavioral experiments with radar modulated at electroencephalogram (EEG)
rhythms. He is understandably concerned about environmental exposures within
1 to 30 Hz (cycles per second), either as a low frequency or an amplitude
modulation on a microwave or radio frequency, as these can physiologically
interact with the brain even at very low power densities.
Dr. Ewen Cameron's experiments in mental programming
Additional studies, conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron and funded by the CIA,
were directed towards erasing memory and imposing new personalities on
unwilling patients. Cameron discovered that electroshock treatment caused
amnesia. He set about a program that he called "de-patterning" which had the
effect of erasing the memory of selected patients. Further work revealed
that subjects could be transformed into a virtual blank machine (Tabula
Rasa) and then be re-programmed with a technique which he termed "psychic
driving." Such was the bitter public outrage, once his work was revealed (as
a result of FOIA searches), that Cameron was forced to retire in disgrace.
Operation PANDORA
From 1965 through to 1970, Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency
(DARPA), with up to 70-80% funding provided by the military, set in motion
operation PANDORA to study the health and psychological effects of low
intensity microwaves with regard to the so-called "Moscow signal" registered
at the American Embassy in Moscow.
Initially, there was confusion over whether the signal was an attempt to
activate bugging devices or for some other purpose. There was suspicion that
the microwave irradiation was being used as a mind control system.
CIA agents asked scientists involved in microwave research whether
microwaves beamed at humans from a distance could affect the brain and alter
behavior.
Dr. Milton Zarat who undertook to analyze Soviet literature on microwaves
for the CIA, wrote: "For non-thermal irradiations, they believe that the
electromagnetic field induced by the microwave environment affects the cell
membrane, and this results in an increase of excitability or an increase in
the level of excitation of nerve cells. With repeated or continued exposure,
the increased excitability leads to a state of exhaustion of the cells of
the cerebral cortex."
This project appears to have been quite extensive and included (under U.S.
Navy funding) studies demonstrating how to induce heart seizures, create
leaks in the blood/brain barrier and production of auditory hallucinations.
Despite attempts to render the Pandora program invisible to scrutiny, FOIA
filings revealed memoranda of Richard Cesaro, Director of DARPA, which
confirmed that the program's initial goal was to "discover whether a
carefully controlled microwave signal could control the mind." Cesaro urged
that these studies be made "for potential weapons applications." (12)
EM Mind Control Research Goes Black
Following immense public outcry, Congress forbade further research and
demanded that these projects be terminated across the board. But as former
CIA agent Victor Marchetti later revealed, the programs merely became more
covert with a high element of "deniability" built in to them, and that CIA
claims to the contrary are a cover story. (13)
Despite the fact that many of the aforementioned projects revolved around
the use of narcotics and hallucinogens, projects ARTICHOKE, PANDORA and
CHATTER clearly demonstrate that "psychoelectronics" were a high priority.
Indeed, author John Marks' anonymous informant (known humorously as "Deep
Trance") stated that beginning in 1963 mind control research strongly
emphasized electronics.
1974: Dr. J.F. Scapitz experiments with remote hypnosis
In 1974, Dr. J. F. Scapitz filed a plan to explore the interaction of radio
signals and hypnosis. He stated that "In this investigation it will be shown
that the spoken word of the hypnotists may be conveyed by modulate
electromagnetic energy directly into the subconscious parts of the human
brain -- i.e. without employing any technical devices for receiving or
transcoding the messages and without the person exposed to such influence
having a chance to control the information input consciously."
Schapitz' work was funded by the DoD. Despite FOIA filings, his work has
never been made available. Also it is interesting to note the date of 1974,
which almost exactly mirror's the period when the USSR commenced its own
program that resulted in "Acoustic Psycho-correction technology."]
1976: Soviets use ELF transmissions as mind-control weapon
On July 4, 1976 seven giant transmitters in the Ukraine, powered by the
Chernobyl nuclear facility, pumped a 100 megawatt radio frequency at the
West, which contained a 10 Hz ELF mind control frequency. According to a US
scientist, Dr Andrija Puharich, MD, the soviet pulses covered the human
brain frequencies. With a Dr Bob Beck, he proved that the Soviet
transmissions were a weapon. He found that a 6.65 Hz frequency would cause
depression and an 11Hz frequency would cause manic and riotous behaviour.
Transmissions could indeed entrain the human brain, and thereby induce
behavioural modification such that populations can be mind controlled en
masse by ELF transmissions. More importantly, he found that an ELF signal
could cause cancer at the flick of a switch. It did this by modifying the
function of RNA transference's so that amino acid sequences are scrambled
and produce unnatural proteins. As further reading, I recommend
********** "Mind Control World Control! By Jim Keith.
1981: Eldon Byrd develops EM devices for riot control
Scientist Eldon Byrd, who worked for the Naval Surface Weapons Office, was
commissioned in 1981 to develop electromagnetic devices for purposes
including riot control, clandestine operations and hostage removal. (11)
In the context of a controversy over reproductive hazards to Video Display
Terminal (VDT) operators, he wrote of alterations in brain function of
animals exposed to low intensity fields. Offspring of exposed animals
"exhibited a drastic degradation of intelligence later in life... couldn't
learn easy tasks... indicating a very definite and irreversible damage to
the central nervous system of the fetus." With VDT operators exposed to weak
fields, there have been clusters of miscarriages and birth defects (with
evidence of central nervous system damage to the fetus). Byrd also wrote of
experiments where behavior of animals was controlled by exposure to weak
electromagnetic fields. "At a certain frequency and power intensity, they
could make the animal purr, lay down and roll over."
Low-frequency sleep induction From 1980 to 1983 [. . . ]
Eldon Byrd ran the Marine Corps Nonlethal Electromagnetic Weapons project. He conducted most of his research at the
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute in Bethesda, Md.
"We were looking at electrical activity in the brain and how to influence
it," he says. Byrd, a specialist in medical engineering and bioeffects, funded small
research projects, including a paper on vortex weapons by Obolensky. He
conducted experiments on animals--and even on himself--to see if brain waves
would move into sync with waves impinging on them from the outside. (He
found that they would, but the effect was short lived.)
By using very low frequency electromagnetic radiation--the waves way below
radio frequencies on the electromagnetic spectrum--he found he could induce
the brain to release behavior-regulating chemicals. "We could put animals
into a stupor," he says, by hitting them with these frequencies. "We got
chick brains--in vitro--to dump 80 percent of the natural opioids in their
brains," Byrd says. He even ran a small project that used magnetic fields to
cause certain brain cells in rats to release histamine.
In humans, this would cause instant flulike symptoms and produce nausea.
"These fields were extremely weak. They were undetectable," says Byrd. "The
effects were nonlethal and reversible. You could disable a person
temporarily," Byrd hypothesizes. "It [would have been] like a stun gun."
Byrd never tested any of his hardware in the field, and his program,
scheduled for four years, apparently was closed down after two, he says.
"The work was really outstanding," he grumbles. "We would have had a weapon
in one year." Byrd says he was told his work would be unclassified, "unless
it works." Because it worked, he suspects that the program "went black."
Other scientists tell similar tales of research on electromagnetic radiation
turning top secret once successful results were achieved. There are clues
that such work is continuing. In 1995, the annual meeting of four-star U.S. Air Force generals--called
CORONA--reviewed more than 1,000 potential projects. One was called "Put the
Enemy to Sleep/Keep the Enemy From Sleeping." It called for exploring
"acoustics," "microwaves," and "brain-wave manipulation" to alter sleep
patterns. It was one of only three projects approved for initial
investigation.
PHOENIX II, 1983, U.S.A.F, NSA:
Location: Montauk, Long Island Electronic multi-directional targeting of
select population groups
Targeting: Medium range
Frequencies: Radar, microwaves. EHF UHF modulated
Power: Gigawatt through Terawatt
Purpose: Loading of Earth Grids, planetary sonombulescence to stave off
geological activity, specific-point earthquake creation, population
programming for sensitized individuals
Pseudonym: "Rainbow", ZAP
TRIDENT, 1989, ONR, NSA:
Electronic directed targeting of individuals or populations
Targeting: Large population groups assembled
Display: Black helicopters flying in triad formation of three
Power: 100,000 watts
Frequency: UHF
Purpose: Large group management and behavior control, riot control
Allied Agencies: FEMA
Pseudonym: "Black Triad" A.E.M.C
Mankind Research Unlimited
An obscure District of Columbia corporation called Mankind Research
Unlimited (MRU) and its wholly owned subsidiary, Systems Consultants Inc.
(SCI), operated a number of classified intelligence, government and Pentagon
contracts, specializing in, amongst other things: "problem solving in the
areas of intelligence electronic warfare, sensor technology and
applications." (14)
MRU's "capability and experience" is divided into four fields. These include
"biophysics -- Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields," "Research in
Magneto-fluid Dynamics," "Planetary Electro-Hydro-Dynamics" and "Geo-pathic
Efforts on Living Organisms." The latter focuses on the induction of illness
by altering the magnetic nature of the geography.
Also under research were "Biocybernetics, Psychodynamic Experiments in
Telepathy," "Errors in Human Perception," "Biologically Generated Fields,"
"Metapsychiatry and the Ultraconscious Mind" (believed to refer to
experiments in telepathic mind control), "Behavioural Neuropsychiatry,"
"Analysis and Measurement of Human Subjective States" and "Human Unconscious
Behavioural Patterns." Employing some old OSS, CIA and military intelligence officers, the company
also engages the services of prominent physicians and psychologists
including E. Stanton Maxey, Stanley R. Dean Berthold, Eric Schwarz plus many
more.
MRU lists in its Company Capabilities "brain and mind control." (15)
1989 CNN Program on EM Weapons. During 1989 CNN aired a program on electromagnetic weapons and showed a U.S.
government document that outlined a contingency plan to use EM weapons
against "terrorists." Prior to the show a DoD medical engineer sourced a
story claiming that in the context of conditioning, microwaves and other
modalities had regularly been used against Palestinians.
RF MEDIA, 1990, CIA:
Electronic, multi-directional subliminal suggestion and programming
Location: Boulder, Colorado (Location of main cell telephone node, national
television synchronization node)
Targeting: national population of the United States
Frequencies: ULF VHF HF Phase modulation
Power: Gigawatts
Implementation: Television and radio communications, the "videodrome"
signals
Purpose: Programming and triggering behavioral desire, subversion of psychic
abilities of population, preparatory processing for mass electromagnetic
control
Pseudonym: "Buzz Saw" E.E.M.C.
TOWER, 1990, CIA, NSA:
Electronic cross country subliminal programming and suggestion Targeting:
Mass population, short-range intervals, long-range cumulativeFrequencies:
Microwave, EHF SHFMethodology: Cellular telephone system, ELF
modulationPurpose: Programming through neural resonance and encoded
informationEffect: Neural degeneration, DNA resonance modification, psychic
suppressionPseudonym: "Wedding Bells"
1992: Maj. Edward Dames and Project GRILL-FLAME
Major Edward Dames, formerly with the Pentagon's Defense Intelligence Agency
until 1992, was a long-serving member of the highly classified operation
GRILL-FLAME, a program that focused on some of the more bizarre
possibilities of intelligence gathering and remote interrogation.
Known as "remote viewers," GRILL-FLAME personnel possessed a marked psychic
ability that was put to use "penetrating" designated targets and gathering
important intelligence on significant figures. The program operated with two teams: one working out of the top secret NSA
facility at Fort George Meade in Maryland, and the other at SRI. Results are
said to have been exemplary. Following the Oliver North debacle, the Secretary of Defense officially
terminated GRILL-FLAME, fearing bad publicity if the program were to become
known to the public. The leading members of the project -- including Dames -- immediately
relocated to the privately owned and newly formed Psi-Tech, and continue
their work to this day, operating under government contract. In the course of his work, Dames was (and remains) close to many the leading
figures and proponents of anti-personnel electromagnetic weapons, especially
those that operate in the neurological field. During NBC's "The Other Side" program, Dames stated that "The U.S.
Government has an electronic device which could implant thoughts in people.
" He refused to comment further. The program was broadcast during April 1995.
1993 Report of "Acoustic Psycho-correction"
In 1993, Defense News announced that the Russian government was discussing
with American counterparts the transfer of technical information and
equipment known as "Acoustic Psycho-correction." The Russians claimed that
this device involves "the transmission of specific commands via static or
white noise bands into the human subconscious without upsetting other
intellectual functions."
Experts said that demonstrations of this equipment have shown "encouraging"
results "after exposure of less than one minute," and has produced "the
ability to alter behavior on willing and unwilling subjects. The article goes on to explain that combined "software and hardware
associated with the (sic) psycho-correction program could be procured for as
little as U.S. $80,000." The Russians went on to observe that "World opinion
is not ready for dealing appropriately with the problems coming from the
possibility of direct access to the human mind."
Acoustic psycho-correction dates back to the mid 1970's and can be used to
"suppress riots, control dissidents, demoralize or disable opposing forces
and enhance the performance of friendly special operations teams." (18)
One U.S. concern in relation to this device was aired by Janet Morris of the
Global Strategy Council, a Washington-based think tank established by former
CIA deputy director Ray Cline. Morris noted that "Ground troops risk
exposure to bone-conducting sound that cannot be offset by earplugs or other
protective gear."
In recent months I met with and discussed Russian research efforts, with a
contact who had visited Russia earlier this year. He, in turn, met with a
number of Russian scientists who are knowledgeable in this field. I have few
doubts that the Defense News article cited earlier is fundamentally
accurate.
1994 Report on "Less Than Lethal" Weapons
The April 1994 issue of Scientific American carried an article entitled
"Bang! You're Alive" which briefly described some of the known arsenal of
"Less Than Lethal" weapons presently available. These include laser rifles
and low-frequency infrasound generators powerful enough to trigger nausea or
diarrhea. Steve Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) noted that
non-lethal weapons have been linked to "mind control" devices and that three
of the most prominent advocates of non-lethality share an interest in
psychic phenomena. (23) It is now the opinion of many that these and related programs have been
brought under the banner of non-lethal weapons, otherwise known as "less
than lethal," which are now promulgated in connection with the doctrine of
low intensity conflict, a concept for warfare in the 21st century. It is clear that many of these Pentagon and related LTL programs operate
under high classification. Others consider many similar or related "black"
programs are funded from the vast resources presently available under the
U.S. counter-drug law enforcement policy which has a FY 1995 budget of $13.2
billion. (25) On 21 July 1994, Defense Secretary William J. Perry issued a memorandum on
non-lethal weapons which outlined a tasking priority list for use of these
technologies. Second on the list was "crowd control". Coming in at a poor
fifth was "Disable or destroy weapons or weapon development/production
processes, including suspected weapons of mass destruction."
It is therefore clear that non-lethality is fundamentally seen as
anti-personnel rather than anti-material. In July 1996, the Spotlight, a widely circulated right-wing U.S. newspaper,
reported that well-placed DoD sources have confirmed a classified Pentagon
contract for the development of "high-power electromagnetic generators that
interfere with human brain waves." The article cited the memorandum of
understanding dated 1994 between Attorney General Janet Reno, and Defense
Secretary William Perry for transfer of LTL weapons to the law enforcement
sector. A budget of under $50 million has been made available for funding associated
"black" programs. Dr. Emery Horvath, a professor of physics at Harvard University, has stated
in connection to the generator that interferes with human brain waves that
"These electronic 'skull-zappers' are designed to invade the mind and short
circuit its synapses... in the hands of government technicians, it may be
used to disorient entire crowds, or to manipulate individuals into self
destructive acts. It's a terrifying weapon." (26)
In a 1993 U.S. Air Command and Staff College paper entitled Non Lethal
Technology and Air Power, authors Maj. Jonathan W. Klaaren (USAF) and Maj.
Ronald S. Mitchell (USAF) outlined selected NLT weapons. These included
"Acoustic" (pulsed/attenuated high-intensity sound, infrasound (very low
frequency) and Polysound (high volume, distracting) as well as high-power
microwaves (HPM) that possessed the ability to deter or incapacitate human
beings. These and other classified weapons are being passed to domestic law
enforcement agencies, as shown by the 1995 ONDCP (Office of National Drug
Control Policy) International Technology Symposium, "Counter-Drug Law
Enforcement: Applied Technology for Improved Operational Effectiveness,"
which outlined the "Transition of advanced military technologies to the
civil law enforcement environment."
There are some observers who fear that the burgeoning narcotics industry is
an ideal "cover" in which to "transit" Non Lethal Technologies to domestic
political tasks. Whether this is merely a misplaced "Orwellian" fear remains
to be seen. (27)
Have weapons of this nature been developed and field tested?
Judging from the number of individuals and groups coming forward with
complaints of harassment, the answer appears to be "yes." Kim Besley, of the
Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, has compiled a fairly extensive
catalogue of effects that have resulted from low frequency signals emanating
from the U.S. Greenham Common base, apparently targeted at the women
protesters. These include: vertigo, retinal bleeding, burnt face (even at
night), nausea, sleep disturbances, palpitations, loss of concentration,
loss of memory, disorientation, severe headaches, temporary paralysis,
faulty speech co-ordination, irritability and a sense of panic in non-panic
situations. Identical and similar effects have been reported elsewhere and
appear to be fairly common-place amongst so-called "victims."
Many of these symptoms have been associated in medical literature with
exposure to microwaves and especially through low intensity or non-thermal
exposures. (22) These have been reviewed by Dr. Robert Becker, twice
nominated for the Nobel Prize, and a specialist in EM effects. His report
confirms that the symptoms mirror those he would expect to see had Microwave
weapons been deployed.
HAARP, 1995, CIA, NSA, ONR:
Electromagnetic resonant induction and mass population control
Location: Gakona, Alaska
Frequencies: Atmospheric phase-locked resonant UHF VHF
Potential: DNA code alteration in population and mass behavior modification
Power: Giga-watt to Tera-watt range
Step-Down reflective frequencies: Approx 1.1 GHz, Human DNA resonant
frequency, cellular system phase-lock
PROJECT CLEAN SWEEP, 1997, 1998, CIA, NSA, ONR:
Electromagnetic resonant induction and mass population control
Location: Nationwide
Frequencies: Emotional wavelengths, data gathering through helocopter probes
following media events - rebroadcast in order to restimulate population
emotional levels for recreation of event scenarios.
Ref: LE#108, March 1998
Potential: Mass behavior modification
Power: Unknown. Possibly rebroadcast through GWEN network or cellular tower
frequencies, coordinated from NBS in Colorado.
Jack Verona and Project SLEEPING BEAUTY
Current Projects include SLEEPING BEAUTY, directed towards the battlefield
use of mind-altering electromagnetic weapons. This project is headed by Jack
Verona, a highly placed Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) officer. Dr.
Michael Persinger of Laurentian University is also employed on the project.
SOURCES
Guyatt, David G. Synopsis prepared for the ICRC Symposium The Medical
Profession and the Effects of Weapons http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/
Keeler, Anna "Remote Mind Control Technology" Reprinted from Secret and
Supressed: Banned Ideas and Hidden History (Portland, OR: Feral House, 1993)
Leading Edge International Research Group "Major Electromagnetic Mind
Control Projects"
Pasternak, Douglas "Wonder Weapons: The Pentagon's quest for nonlethal arms
is amazing, but is it smart?" U.S. News and World Report, 7 July 1997
http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/
From http://www.artificialtelepathy.blogspot.com
The following article excerpts combine material from several sources, listed under
Footnotes. The majority of information appeared in David Guyatt's synopsis
of the history and development of mind control weapons, first presented at
an ICRC symposium on "The Medical Profession and the Effects of Weapons"
Project CHATTER
Following the conclusion of the war (WWII), the U.S. Naval Technical Mission was
tasked with obtaining pertinent industrial and scientific material that had
been produced by the Third Reich and which may be of benefit to U.S.
interests. Following a lengthy report, the Navy instigated Project CHATTER
in 1947.
Project Moonstruck, 1952, CIA:
Electronic implants in brain and teeth
Targeting: Long range Implanted during surgery or surreptitiously during
abduction. Frequency range: HF - ELF transceiver implants
Purpose: Tracking, mind and behavior control, conditioning, programming,
covert operations
Functional Basis: Electronic Stimulation of the Brain, E.S.B.
Project Orion, 1958, U.S.A.F:
Drugs, hypnosis, and ESB
Targeting: Short range, in person
Frequencies: ELF Modulation
Transmission, and Reception: Radar, microwaves, modulated at ELF frequencies
Purpose: Top security personnel debreifing, programming, insure security and loyalty
Pseudonym: "Dreamland"
MK-DELTA, 1960, CIA:
Fine-tuned electromagnetic subliminal programming
Targeting: Long Range
Frequencies: VHF HF UHF Modulated at ELF
Transmission and Reception: Television antennae, radio antennae, power
lines, mattress spring coils, modulation on 60 Hz wiring***.
Purpose: programming behavior and attitudes in general population
Effects: fatigue, mood swings, behavior dysfunction and social criminality,
mood swings
Pseudonym: "Deep Sleep", R.H.I.C.
MKULTRA
It was not until the middle or late 1970's that the American public became
aware of a series of hitherto secret programs that had been conducted over
the preceding two decades by the military and intelligence community. (3)
Primarily focusing on narco-hypnosis, these extensive covert programs bore
the project titles MKULTRA, MKDELTA, MKNAOMI, MKSEARCH (MK being understood
to stand for Mind Kontrol), BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE and CHATTER.
The principal aim of these and associated programs was the development of a
reliable "programmable" assassin. Secondary aims were the development of a
method of citizen control. (4)
Dr. Jose Delgado, Yale University
Particularly relevant was Dr. Jose Delgado's secret work directed towards
the creation of a "psycho-civilized" society by use of a "stimoceiver." (5)
Delgado's work was seminal, and his experiments on humans and animals
demonstrated that electronic stimulation can excite extreme emotions
including rage, lust and fatigue. In his paper "Intracerebral Radio
Stimulation and recording in Completely Free Patients," Delgado observed
that: "Radio Stimulation on different points in the amygdala and hippocampus
in the four patients produced a variety of effects, including pleasant
sensations, elation, deep thoughtful concentration, odd feelings, super
relaxation (an essential precursor for deep hypnosis), colored visions, and
other responses."With regard to the "colored visions" citation, it is
reasonable to conclude he was referring to hallucinations -- an effect that
a number of so-called "victims" allude to. (7) .
Dr. John C. Lilly
Also of interest is Dr. John C. Lilly (10), who was asked by the Director of
the National Institute of Mental Health to brief the CIA, FBI, NSA and
military intelligence services on his work using electrodes to stimulate,
directly, the pleasure and pain centers of the brain. Lilly said that he
refused the request. However, as stated in his book, he continued to do
"useful" work for the national security apparatus. In terms of timing this
is interesting, for these events took place in 1953.
First use of computers to communicate with the brain
As far back as 1969, Delgado predicted the day would soon arrive when a
computer would be able to establish two-way radio communication with the
brain -- an event that first occurred in 1974.
Lawrence Pinneo, a neurophysiologist and electronic engineer working for
Stanford Research Institute (a leading military contractor), "developed a
computer system capable of reading a person's mind. It correlated brain
waves on an electroencephalograph with specific commands. Twenty years ago
the computer responded with a dot on a TV screen. Nowadays it could be the
input to a stimulator (ESB) in advanced stages using radio frequencies." (8=
)
Drs. Sharp and Frey develop "Microwave Hearing"
Drs. Joseph Sharp and Allen Frey experimented with microwaves seeking to
transmit spoken words directly into the audio cortex via a pulsed-microwave
analog of the speaker's sound vibration. Indeed, Frey's work in this field,
dating back to 1960, gave rise to the so called "Frey effect" which is now
more commonly referred to as "microwave hearing." (19) Within the Pentagon
this ability is now known as "Artificial Telepathy." (20)
[Footnote 20) Refer to Dr. Robert Becker who has stated "Such a device has
obvious applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy
with "voices" or deliver undetected instructions to a programmed assassin."
Dr. Ross Adey experiments with EM control of emotional states
In his pioneering work, Dr. Ross Adey determined that emotional states and
behavior can be remotely influenced merely by placing a subject in an
electromagnetic field. By directing a carrier frequency to stimulate the
brain and using amplitude modulation to shape the wave to mimic a desired
EEG frequency, he was able to impose a 4.5 CPS theta rhythm on his subjects.
Adey and others have compiled an entire library of frequencies and pulsation
rates which can affect the mind and nervous system. (21)
Adey induces calcium efflux in brain tissue with low power level fields (a
basis for the CIA and military's "confusion weaponry") and has done
behavioral experiments with radar modulated at electroencephalogram (EEG)
rhythms. He is understandably concerned about environmental exposures within
1 to 30 Hz (cycles per second), either as a low frequency or an amplitude
modulation on a microwave or radio frequency, as these can physiologically
interact with the brain even at very low power densities.
Dr. Ewen Cameron's experiments in mental programming
Additional studies, conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron and funded by the CIA,
were directed towards erasing memory and imposing new personalities on
unwilling patients. Cameron discovered that electroshock treatment caused
amnesia. He set about a program that he called "de-patterning" which had the
effect of erasing the memory of selected patients. Further work revealed
that subjects could be transformed into a virtual blank machine (Tabula
Rasa) and then be re-programmed with a technique which he termed "psychic
driving." Such was the bitter public outrage, once his work was revealed (as
a result of FOIA searches), that Cameron was forced to retire in disgrace.
Operation PANDORA
From 1965 through to 1970, Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency
(DARPA), with up to 70-80% funding provided by the military, set in motion
operation PANDORA to study the health and psychological effects of low
intensity microwaves with regard to the so-called "Moscow signal" registered
at the American Embassy in Moscow.
Initially, there was confusion over whether the signal was an attempt to
activate bugging devices or for some other purpose. There was suspicion that
the microwave irradiation was being used as a mind control system.
CIA agents asked scientists involved in microwave research whether
microwaves beamed at humans from a distance could affect the brain and alter
behavior.
Dr. Milton Zarat who undertook to analyze Soviet literature on microwaves
for the CIA, wrote: "For non-thermal irradiations, they believe that the
electromagnetic field induced by the microwave environment affects the cell
membrane, and this results in an increase of excitability or an increase in
the level of excitation of nerve cells. With repeated or continued exposure,
the increased excitability leads to a state of exhaustion of the cells of
the cerebral cortex."
This project appears to have been quite extensive and included (under U.S.
Navy funding) studies demonstrating how to induce heart seizures, create
leaks in the blood/brain barrier and production of auditory hallucinations.
Despite attempts to render the Pandora program invisible to scrutiny, FOIA
filings revealed memoranda of Richard Cesaro, Director of DARPA, which
confirmed that the program's initial goal was to "discover whether a
carefully controlled microwave signal could control the mind." Cesaro urged
that these studies be made "for potential weapons applications." (12)
EM Mind Control Research Goes Black
Following immense public outcry, Congress forbade further research and
demanded that these projects be terminated across the board. But as former
CIA agent Victor Marchetti later revealed, the programs merely became more
covert with a high element of "deniability" built in to them, and that CIA
claims to the contrary are a cover story. (13)
Despite the fact that many of the aforementioned projects revolved around
the use of narcotics and hallucinogens, projects ARTICHOKE, PANDORA and
CHATTER clearly demonstrate that "psychoelectronics" were a high priority.
Indeed, author John Marks' anonymous informant (known humorously as "Deep
Trance") stated that beginning in 1963 mind control research strongly
emphasized electronics.
1974: Dr. J.F. Scapitz experiments with remote hypnosis
In 1974, Dr. J. F. Scapitz filed a plan to explore the interaction of radio
signals and hypnosis. He stated that "In this investigation it will be shown
that the spoken word of the hypnotists may be conveyed by modulate
electromagnetic energy directly into the subconscious parts of the human
brain -- i.e. without employing any technical devices for receiving or
transcoding the messages and without the person exposed to such influence
having a chance to control the information input consciously."
Schapitz' work was funded by the DoD. Despite FOIA filings, his work has
never been made available. Also it is interesting to note the date of 1974,
which almost exactly mirror's the period when the USSR commenced its own
program that resulted in "Acoustic Psycho-correction technology."]
1976: Soviets use ELF transmissions as mind-control weapon
On July 4, 1976 seven giant transmitters in the Ukraine, powered by the
Chernobyl nuclear facility, pumped a 100 megawatt radio frequency at the
West, which contained a 10 Hz ELF mind control frequency. According to a US
scientist, Dr Andrija Puharich, MD, the soviet pulses covered the human
brain frequencies. With a Dr Bob Beck, he proved that the Soviet
transmissions were a weapon. He found that a 6.65 Hz frequency would cause
depression and an 11Hz frequency would cause manic and riotous behaviour.
Transmissions could indeed entrain the human brain, and thereby induce
behavioural modification such that populations can be mind controlled en
masse by ELF transmissions. More importantly, he found that an ELF signal
could cause cancer at the flick of a switch. It did this by modifying the
function of RNA transference's so that amino acid sequences are scrambled
and produce unnatural proteins. As further reading, I recommend
********** "Mind Control World Control! By Jim Keith.
1981: Eldon Byrd develops EM devices for riot control
Scientist Eldon Byrd, who worked for the Naval Surface Weapons Office, was
commissioned in 1981 to develop electromagnetic devices for purposes
including riot control, clandestine operations and hostage removal. (11)
In the context of a controversy over reproductive hazards to Video Display
Terminal (VDT) operators, he wrote of alterations in brain function of
animals exposed to low intensity fields. Offspring of exposed animals
"exhibited a drastic degradation of intelligence later in life... couldn't
learn easy tasks... indicating a very definite and irreversible damage to
the central nervous system of the fetus." With VDT operators exposed to weak
fields, there have been clusters of miscarriages and birth defects (with
evidence of central nervous system damage to the fetus). Byrd also wrote of
experiments where behavior of animals was controlled by exposure to weak
electromagnetic fields. "At a certain frequency and power intensity, they
could make the animal purr, lay down and roll over."
Low-frequency sleep induction From 1980 to 1983 [. . . ]
Eldon Byrd ran the Marine Corps Nonlethal Electromagnetic Weapons project. He conducted most of his research at the
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute in Bethesda, Md.
"We were looking at electrical activity in the brain and how to influence
it," he says. Byrd, a specialist in medical engineering and bioeffects, funded small
research projects, including a paper on vortex weapons by Obolensky. He
conducted experiments on animals--and even on himself--to see if brain waves
would move into sync with waves impinging on them from the outside. (He
found that they would, but the effect was short lived.)
By using very low frequency electromagnetic radiation--the waves way below
radio frequencies on the electromagnetic spectrum--he found he could induce
the brain to release behavior-regulating chemicals. "We could put animals
into a stupor," he says, by hitting them with these frequencies. "We got
chick brains--in vitro--to dump 80 percent of the natural opioids in their
brains," Byrd says. He even ran a small project that used magnetic fields to
cause certain brain cells in rats to release histamine.
In humans, this would cause instant flulike symptoms and produce nausea.
"These fields were extremely weak. They were undetectable," says Byrd. "The
effects were nonlethal and reversible. You could disable a person
temporarily," Byrd hypothesizes. "It [would have been] like a stun gun."
Byrd never tested any of his hardware in the field, and his program,
scheduled for four years, apparently was closed down after two, he says.
"The work was really outstanding," he grumbles. "We would have had a weapon
in one year." Byrd says he was told his work would be unclassified, "unless
it works." Because it worked, he suspects that the program "went black."
Other scientists tell similar tales of research on electromagnetic radiation
turning top secret once successful results were achieved. There are clues
that such work is continuing. In 1995, the annual meeting of four-star U.S. Air Force generals--called
CORONA--reviewed more than 1,000 potential projects. One was called "Put the
Enemy to Sleep/Keep the Enemy From Sleeping." It called for exploring
"acoustics," "microwaves," and "brain-wave manipulation" to alter sleep
patterns. It was one of only three projects approved for initial
investigation.
PHOENIX II, 1983, U.S.A.F, NSA:
Location: Montauk, Long Island Electronic multi-directional targeting of
select population groups
Targeting: Medium range
Frequencies: Radar, microwaves. EHF UHF modulated
Power: Gigawatt through Terawatt
Purpose: Loading of Earth Grids, planetary sonombulescence to stave off
geological activity, specific-point earthquake creation, population
programming for sensitized individuals
Pseudonym: "Rainbow", ZAP
TRIDENT, 1989, ONR, NSA:
Electronic directed targeting of individuals or populations
Targeting: Large population groups assembled
Display: Black helicopters flying in triad formation of three
Power: 100,000 watts
Frequency: UHF
Purpose: Large group management and behavior control, riot control
Allied Agencies: FEMA
Pseudonym: "Black Triad" A.E.M.C
Mankind Research Unlimited
An obscure District of Columbia corporation called Mankind Research
Unlimited (MRU) and its wholly owned subsidiary, Systems Consultants Inc.
(SCI), operated a number of classified intelligence, government and Pentagon
contracts, specializing in, amongst other things: "problem solving in the
areas of intelligence electronic warfare, sensor technology and
applications." (14)
MRU's "capability and experience" is divided into four fields. These include
"biophysics -- Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields," "Research in
Magneto-fluid Dynamics," "Planetary Electro-Hydro-Dynamics" and "Geo-pathic
Efforts on Living Organisms." The latter focuses on the induction of illness
by altering the magnetic nature of the geography.
Also under research were "Biocybernetics, Psychodynamic Experiments in
Telepathy," "Errors in Human Perception," "Biologically Generated Fields,"
"Metapsychiatry and the Ultraconscious Mind" (believed to refer to
experiments in telepathic mind control), "Behavioural Neuropsychiatry,"
"Analysis and Measurement of Human Subjective States" and "Human Unconscious
Behavioural Patterns." Employing some old OSS, CIA and military intelligence officers, the company
also engages the services of prominent physicians and psychologists
including E. Stanton Maxey, Stanley R. Dean Berthold, Eric Schwarz plus many
more.
MRU lists in its Company Capabilities "brain and mind control." (15)
1989 CNN Program on EM Weapons. During 1989 CNN aired a program on electromagnetic weapons and showed a U.S.
government document that outlined a contingency plan to use EM weapons
against "terrorists." Prior to the show a DoD medical engineer sourced a
story claiming that in the context of conditioning, microwaves and other
modalities had regularly been used against Palestinians.
RF MEDIA, 1990, CIA:
Electronic, multi-directional subliminal suggestion and programming
Location: Boulder, Colorado (Location of main cell telephone node, national
television synchronization node)
Targeting: national population of the United States
Frequencies: ULF VHF HF Phase modulation
Power: Gigawatts
Implementation: Television and radio communications, the "videodrome"
signals
Purpose: Programming and triggering behavioral desire, subversion of psychic
abilities of population, preparatory processing for mass electromagnetic
control
Pseudonym: "Buzz Saw" E.E.M.C.
TOWER, 1990, CIA, NSA:
Electronic cross country subliminal programming and suggestion Targeting:
Mass population, short-range intervals, long-range cumulativeFrequencies:
Microwave, EHF SHFMethodology: Cellular telephone system, ELF
modulationPurpose: Programming through neural resonance and encoded
informationEffect: Neural degeneration, DNA resonance modification, psychic
suppressionPseudonym: "Wedding Bells"
1992: Maj. Edward Dames and Project GRILL-FLAME
Major Edward Dames, formerly with the Pentagon's Defense Intelligence Agency
until 1992, was a long-serving member of the highly classified operation
GRILL-FLAME, a program that focused on some of the more bizarre
possibilities of intelligence gathering and remote interrogation.
Known as "remote viewers," GRILL-FLAME personnel possessed a marked psychic
ability that was put to use "penetrating" designated targets and gathering
important intelligence on significant figures. The program operated with two teams: one working out of the top secret NSA
facility at Fort George Meade in Maryland, and the other at SRI. Results are
said to have been exemplary. Following the Oliver North debacle, the Secretary of Defense officially
terminated GRILL-FLAME, fearing bad publicity if the program were to become
known to the public. The leading members of the project -- including Dames -- immediately
relocated to the privately owned and newly formed Psi-Tech, and continue
their work to this day, operating under government contract. In the course of his work, Dames was (and remains) close to many the leading
figures and proponents of anti-personnel electromagnetic weapons, especially
those that operate in the neurological field. During NBC's "The Other Side" program, Dames stated that "The U.S.
Government has an electronic device which could implant thoughts in people.
" He refused to comment further. The program was broadcast during April 1995.
1993 Report of "Acoustic Psycho-correction"
In 1993, Defense News announced that the Russian government was discussing
with American counterparts the transfer of technical information and
equipment known as "Acoustic Psycho-correction." The Russians claimed that
this device involves "the transmission of specific commands via static or
white noise bands into the human subconscious without upsetting other
intellectual functions."
Experts said that demonstrations of this equipment have shown "encouraging"
results "after exposure of less than one minute," and has produced "the
ability to alter behavior on willing and unwilling subjects. The article goes on to explain that combined "software and hardware
associated with the (sic) psycho-correction program could be procured for as
little as U.S. $80,000." The Russians went on to observe that "World opinion
is not ready for dealing appropriately with the problems coming from the
possibility of direct access to the human mind."
Acoustic psycho-correction dates back to the mid 1970's and can be used to
"suppress riots, control dissidents, demoralize or disable opposing forces
and enhance the performance of friendly special operations teams." (18)
One U.S. concern in relation to this device was aired by Janet Morris of the
Global Strategy Council, a Washington-based think tank established by former
CIA deputy director Ray Cline. Morris noted that "Ground troops risk
exposure to bone-conducting sound that cannot be offset by earplugs or other
protective gear."
In recent months I met with and discussed Russian research efforts, with a
contact who had visited Russia earlier this year. He, in turn, met with a
number of Russian scientists who are knowledgeable in this field. I have few
doubts that the Defense News article cited earlier is fundamentally
accurate.
1994 Report on "Less Than Lethal" Weapons
The April 1994 issue of Scientific American carried an article entitled
"Bang! You're Alive" which briefly described some of the known arsenal of
"Less Than Lethal" weapons presently available. These include laser rifles
and low-frequency infrasound generators powerful enough to trigger nausea or
diarrhea. Steve Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) noted that
non-lethal weapons have been linked to "mind control" devices and that three
of the most prominent advocates of non-lethality share an interest in
psychic phenomena. (23) It is now the opinion of many that these and related programs have been
brought under the banner of non-lethal weapons, otherwise known as "less
than lethal," which are now promulgated in connection with the doctrine of
low intensity conflict, a concept for warfare in the 21st century. It is clear that many of these Pentagon and related LTL programs operate
under high classification. Others consider many similar or related "black"
programs are funded from the vast resources presently available under the
U.S. counter-drug law enforcement policy which has a FY 1995 budget of $13.2
billion. (25) On 21 July 1994, Defense Secretary William J. Perry issued a memorandum on
non-lethal weapons which outlined a tasking priority list for use of these
technologies. Second on the list was "crowd control". Coming in at a poor
fifth was "Disable or destroy weapons or weapon development/production
processes, including suspected weapons of mass destruction."
It is therefore clear that non-lethality is fundamentally seen as
anti-personnel rather than anti-material. In July 1996, the Spotlight, a widely circulated right-wing U.S. newspaper,
reported that well-placed DoD sources have confirmed a classified Pentagon
contract for the development of "high-power electromagnetic generators that
interfere with human brain waves." The article cited the memorandum of
understanding dated 1994 between Attorney General Janet Reno, and Defense
Secretary William Perry for transfer of LTL weapons to the law enforcement
sector. A budget of under $50 million has been made available for funding associated
"black" programs. Dr. Emery Horvath, a professor of physics at Harvard University, has stated
in connection to the generator that interferes with human brain waves that
"These electronic 'skull-zappers' are designed to invade the mind and short
circuit its synapses... in the hands of government technicians, it may be
used to disorient entire crowds, or to manipulate individuals into self
destructive acts. It's a terrifying weapon." (26)
In a 1993 U.S. Air Command and Staff College paper entitled Non Lethal
Technology and Air Power, authors Maj. Jonathan W. Klaaren (USAF) and Maj.
Ronald S. Mitchell (USAF) outlined selected NLT weapons. These included
"Acoustic" (pulsed/attenuated high-intensity sound, infrasound (very low
frequency) and Polysound (high volume, distracting) as well as high-power
microwaves (HPM) that possessed the ability to deter or incapacitate human
beings. These and other classified weapons are being passed to domestic law
enforcement agencies, as shown by the 1995 ONDCP (Office of National Drug
Control Policy) International Technology Symposium, "Counter-Drug Law
Enforcement: Applied Technology for Improved Operational Effectiveness,"
which outlined the "Transition of advanced military technologies to the
civil law enforcement environment."
There are some observers who fear that the burgeoning narcotics industry is
an ideal "cover" in which to "transit" Non Lethal Technologies to domestic
political tasks. Whether this is merely a misplaced "Orwellian" fear remains
to be seen. (27)
Have weapons of this nature been developed and field tested?
Judging from the number of individuals and groups coming forward with
complaints of harassment, the answer appears to be "yes." Kim Besley, of the
Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, has compiled a fairly extensive
catalogue of effects that have resulted from low frequency signals emanating
from the U.S. Greenham Common base, apparently targeted at the women
protesters. These include: vertigo, retinal bleeding, burnt face (even at
night), nausea, sleep disturbances, palpitations, loss of concentration,
loss of memory, disorientation, severe headaches, temporary paralysis,
faulty speech co-ordination, irritability and a sense of panic in non-panic
situations. Identical and similar effects have been reported elsewhere and
appear to be fairly common-place amongst so-called "victims."
Many of these symptoms have been associated in medical literature with
exposure to microwaves and especially through low intensity or non-thermal
exposures. (22) These have been reviewed by Dr. Robert Becker, twice
nominated for the Nobel Prize, and a specialist in EM effects. His report
confirms that the symptoms mirror those he would expect to see had Microwave
weapons been deployed.
HAARP, 1995, CIA, NSA, ONR:
Electromagnetic resonant induction and mass population control
Location: Gakona, Alaska
Frequencies: Atmospheric phase-locked resonant UHF VHF
Potential: DNA code alteration in population and mass behavior modification
Power: Giga-watt to Tera-watt range
Step-Down reflective frequencies: Approx 1.1 GHz, Human DNA resonant
frequency, cellular system phase-lock
PROJECT CLEAN SWEEP, 1997, 1998, CIA, NSA, ONR:
Electromagnetic resonant induction and mass population control
Location: Nationwide
Frequencies: Emotional wavelengths, data gathering through helocopter probes
following media events - rebroadcast in order to restimulate population
emotional levels for recreation of event scenarios.
Ref: LE#108, March 1998
Potential: Mass behavior modification
Power: Unknown. Possibly rebroadcast through GWEN network or cellular tower
frequencies, coordinated from NBS in Colorado.
Jack Verona and Project SLEEPING BEAUTY
Current Projects include SLEEPING BEAUTY, directed towards the battlefield
use of mind-altering electromagnetic weapons. This project is headed by Jack
Verona, a highly placed Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) officer. Dr.
Michael Persinger of Laurentian University is also employed on the project.
SOURCES
Guyatt, David G. Synopsis prepared for the ICRC Symposium The Medical
Profession and the Effects of Weapons http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/
Keeler, Anna "Remote Mind Control Technology" Reprinted from Secret and
Supressed: Banned Ideas and Hidden History (Portland, OR: Feral House, 1993)
Leading Edge International Research Group "Major Electromagnetic Mind
Control Projects"
Pasternak, Douglas "Wonder Weapons: The Pentagon's quest for nonlethal arms
is amazing, but is it smart?" U.S. News and World Report, 7 July 1997
http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/
